The War Court and Lap Pillow, Austria’s Mandate of Heaven

In Vienna, a rather ornately decorated temporary meeting room of the Royal Austrian Academy of Sciences is full of guests. The monthly scientific seminar is being held here, and this is the twenty-fourth time that Avogadro has borrowed the scientist's room. to present the results of their research.

In the previous twenty-three meetings, he had been rejected by others. If it was an ordinary person, he would have left the meeting long ago because he could not bear the cold eyes and ridicule.

It was not an ordinary person who held a negative attitude towards his views, but the absolute authority in the European chemical community at this time, the British Dalton.

But this outspoken man from the Apennines is not holding back, especially when he believes the truth is in his hands.

Avogadro was never a yesman who dared not speak out against authority.

Back then, he dared to stand up and openly challenge the theory of the "King of Mathematics" Gauss when he was still a boy, and he used his own method to argue that the opponent was speechless.

At that time, Gauss had the supreme authority in the mathematics world, and was hailed as "the man closest to the truth" by all his colleagues.

This man has indeed made an unparalleled contribution to the development of mathematics, but even this man is not perfect and makes mistakes.

"The laws of science exist only in mathematics, and chemistry is not among the exact sciences."

Many people want to refute Gauss' assertion, but they are afraid of humiliating themselves when facing the unprecedented genius.

At this time, Avogadro, a physics student who became a monk, boldly put forward a different view from Gauss. He believed that mathematics is the king of natural sciences, but without other natural sciences, mathematics would lose its true value. .

Gauss was already famous at that time, and Avogadro was a tax collector in the countryside of Turin a year ago, not to mention that the latter majored in physics, and chemistry was just his sideline. Scholars are not good tax collectors.

Gauss' temper was not good, and he humiliated Avogadro on the spot.

"Chemistry is just a handmaid to mathematics." (Translations vary, but the meaning is the same.)

Facing the humiliation, Avogadro did not become angry, but retaliated with an experiment.

He burned two liters of hydrogen in one liter of oxygen in front of Gauss, and obtained two liters of water vapor.

"Please see, in chemistry, I can do 2+1 equals 2, can you do it in mathematics?"

Although Avogadro's return was brilliant, it only earned himself the title of "Daredevil".

Later, he accidentally offended Dalton, who continued to suppress him, and even lost his position as a professor at the University of Turin for a time, and could only rely on family support for a while.

In history, Avogadro never pursued fame and status in his life, but quietly immersed himself in scientific research work, and proposed the molecular hypothesis in 1811, which should have made people a big step forward in understanding the structure of matter.

Unfortunately, Avogadro's outstanding insight has not been recognized by the chemical community for a long time, but has been opposed by many scientists and has been neglected for nearly half a century.

But now it is different again. With the full support and funding of Franz, a "materialist" who respects science and knowledge, this scientific master who has been neglected has gained the opportunity to communicate and discuss with the best chemists in Central Europe. Valuable opportunity.

This allowed him to greatly improve his own theory, and at the same time, it also made those geniuses who looked at people with their nostrils upturned re-examine themselves.

This allowed him to greatly improve his own theory, and at the same time made those geniuses who had dismissed Avogadro's theory re-examine this theory.

The chemical experts present at this time are:

Fuchs, Bavarian, mineralogist, one of the founders of analytical chemistry.

De Belleine, a self-taught genius, created an inflatable gas lighting lamp composed of hydrogenation devices, which greatly influenced the public lighting projects at that time and later generations, and was also an expert in testing atomic weight. However, due to lack of money and power, he did not obtain a patent for the technology he invented, and his life was very difficult.

Fisher, a Bohemian, was recorded in the history of inorganic chemistry with his discovery of "Fischer's salt". He was also one of the pioneers of Voda batteries and established a method for poisoning detection.

(Voltaic batteries, early batteries, were of poor utility.)

Gemolin (also known as Gemelin), a native of Hanover, is an expert on cyanide. He has written many introductory books on chemistry and trained a group of chemists who will be famous in the world.

Michelich, a native of Oldenburg, an expert in crystal chemistry, synthesized "nitrobenzene", and made outstanding contributions in fuel, gunpowder, and sucrose fermentation.

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Freeman Runge, from Hamburg, extracted phenol, nitrogen and other substances from coal tar, developed paper chromatography, was also a pioneer of paper chromatography measurement technology, and was also the leader of dye chemistry.

Schoenbein, a native of Baden, is a typical example of general knowledge of astronomy and geography. The most important discoveries are autooxidation, induced reaction, collodion (nitrocellulose, Wuhu take off), electrochemistry and passivation iron. Although he devoted his life to curing diseases and saving lives, his inventions basically became weapons for killing people.

Weller, a student of Gmelin, is one of the greatest chemists in human history.

Liebig, the founder of agricultural chemistry, synthesized urea together with Wheeler.

(The last two are giants. If we expand on it, one chapter is not enough, so I won’t write it.)

etc...

These people who left a strong mark in the history of human chemistry are by no means mediocre. The reason why Avogadro's theory has not been seen is not the pressure of authority. The main reason is that natural science at that time could not distinguish molecules from atoms.

At the same time, due to the phenomenon of dissociation of some molecules, it is difficult for Avogadro's hypothesis to give a convincing empirical explanation.

However, because a certain butterfly flapped its wings a few times, some trivial obstacles were resolved, so they naturally had no reason to continue to hold a negative attitude towards this theory.

At the same time, these people are also very clear that the establishment of this theory will bring about earth-shaking changes to the entire chemical world.

After 30 years of hard work, Avogadro finally got his wish, but there was not much time left for him to celebrate. Because there are still people who plan to show and demonstrate their new results later.

In fact, Avogadro was very lucky at this time, because his achievements were recognized 20 years earlier, and he did not even survive to wait for that day in history.

With the help of Franz, new theories, new inventions, and new methods were proposed one after another. These exciting things will eventually change the whole world.

For the scientists of the Royal Society of Science, this kind of constant iteration of knowledge is also refreshing.

Of course, there are also monsters that give scientists headaches, such as the steam-powered computer developed by Babbage and Ada.

Previously, the two advanced the precision of the difference engine to seven decimal places~www.wuxiaspot.com~ and simplified the calculation method to reach 21 digits.

This saves many physicists and chemists from having to spend a lot of time and energy on repeated calculations.

In fact, thanks to the high-power hydraulic presses produced by the madmen under Franz, the Austrian Empire has the ability to manufacture precision parts far beyond this era.

At this time, a 20-bit difference engine that took three months and cost up to 20,000 pounds cost only one week and 3,000 florins in Vienna.

The cost of the latest 21-bit difference engine is only 10,000 florins, and the occurrence rate of defective products is relatively low.

As a result, Babbage and Ada became swollen, in every sense of the word, because the two often tasted student works, and even packed them back to the laboratory, their weight and confidence increased rapidly.

Babbage intended to work on a completely new and unique analytical machine.