The War Court and Lap Pillow, Austria’s Mandate of Heaven

Osman, Instanball.

The Grand Saragirio Palace, on the top floor of a minaret overlooking the Sea of ​​Marmara and the Bosphorus.

The Ottoman Grand Zivir, Phil Chak, was kneeling on the ground, waiting with Sultan Mahmud II for their guests.

They are a notorious combination of traitors in history. Algeria was occupied by France, Tunisia became independent, Greece became independent, Serbia became a country within a state, and Muhammad Ali of Egypt became independent and captured Syria.

The eighth Russian-Turkish war was defeated, the first Turkish-Egyptian war was defeated, the Navarino naval battle was defeated, the Greek War of Independence was defeated, Greece became independent, Wallachia and Moldavia became Russian protectorates.

There is a secret clause in the Treaty of Winkar-Inskelesi, which stipulates that once Russia requests, Turkey will block the Dardanelles and not allow warships from any other country to pass through, which makes the Ottoman Empire a watchdog for Russia.

They have signed numerous agreements with European countries, and Europeans can enjoy various privileges in the Ottoman Empire.

However, these two men were actually the pioneers of the reforms of the Ottoman Empire, and even Kemal's reforms in later generations borrowed from the reforms of Hamud II.

As soon as Mahmud II came to the throne, he shot and killed one of the main culprits of the Ottoman Empire at this time, the Guards.

The Ottoman Guards used to be the reliance of the entire empire, but now they are the most terrifying enemy within the empire. They oppose all reform and are powerful enough to prevent it, and it cannot be carried out without their annihilation.

The Ottoman Guards also killed the former Sultan, the father of Mahmud II. He learned his father's lessons and made sufficient preparations to completely eliminate the Guards.

When the Ottoman guards turned the camp pot upside down again, they also sentenced themselves to death.

Yingguo upside down, meaning rebellion.

The Ottoman Guards planned to be like the mutiny in 1807. They once again swarmed into the Colosseum, and then marched murderously to the Sultan's palace, demanding the heads of the reformist ministers under the Sultan, repeating the old mutiny. Drama.

It's just that Mahmud is not his father. At this time, the palace walls of the Grand Sarakirio Palace are filled with new artillery and soldiers with live ammunition.

In just half an hour, this army that has shaken Europe and the world for five centuries has come to an end.

Then came the drama that the Ottoman Empire has been performing for hundreds of years-massacre.

Mahmud II completely wiped out the remnants of the Guards and the Ulema system that had been collaborating with the Guards for hundreds of years.

Mahmud II, who had eliminated the Guards, was in high spirits and immediately began to reform the army.

Mahmud II did not choose British and French instructors, but chose the young lieutenant Helmut Karl Bernhard von Moltke of the Prussian Army as an adviser to the Ottoman Army.

This young lieutenant was the "Old Moltke" who later became famous in Europe.

Afterwards, the Ottoman Empire also exchanged cadets and officers with Prussia for exchange studies. Since then, the army of the Ottoman Empire has moved towards the path of Prussianization.

Mahmud II abolished the backward Tima system and tax package system, which greatly strengthened the centralization and Ottoman fiscal revenue.

At the same time, Mahmud II also promulgated a new code, abandoning theocracy and encouraging the development of industry and commerce.

Beginning in 1824, the Ottoman Empire began to implement compulsory education, restored many closed universities, and at the same time sent overseas students to Britain, France, Prussia and other countries to learn advanced culture and technology.

Austria has feuds with Russia and Ottomans, so it did not directly send overseas students.

In addition, he founded two military academies, the Ottoman Academy of Military Sciences modeled after Napoleon, and the Imperial Academy of Music, which trained drummers and musicians.

Mahmud II even imitated Peter the Great, opposed to ministers growing beards, and rewarded those who were willing to cut off their beards, abandoned the traditional Ottoman robes, and changed to Western-style military uniforms and breeches, even in order to change the Ottomans' habit of wearing turbans , specially invented the Fez hat.

Fez hat, a cylindrical felt hat, usually with a string of tassels, and if a soldier or official is embroidered with a crescent logo.

After 1834, Mahmud II restored the ambassador system and established the Ottoman Empire's first newspaper, the Ottoman Monitor.

After losing to Muhammad Ali in the first Turkish-Egyptian War, Mahmud II quickly rebuilt the Ottoman Navy and even built the largest sailing battleship "Mahmud" in the world at that time.

And follow the example of the West to build arsenals, develop new guns, and encourage the development of industry and commerce.

It's just that as Mahmud II's reforms deepened, he encountered more and more resistance. Some religious groups encouraged local officials to launch uprisings, and even sent people to assassinate the Sultan and his important ministers.

At the same time, with the introduction of western ideas and the increasing national crisis of the Ottoman Empire, the national consciousness of various nationalities in the country also began to awaken.

The complexity of ethnic issues in the Ottoman Empire was not inferior to that of the Austrian Empire, especially with the blessing of internal and external troubles, which made Mahmud II's reform difficult.

Several sects within Tianfang Sect also openly opposed Mahmud II's reform, because the reform touched the interests of too many sects.

Although the Ottoman Empire has been defeated repeatedly in international wars, the common people only think that the Sultan is incompetent.

The folks still look down on Europeans very much, and some people even pay high prices to buy white slaves to promote the prestige of the Ottomans. Guys of faith, Austrians = blasphemous heathens, Russians = crazy heathens, Britons = godless fools, Italians = descendants of slaves, Spaniards = lazy pigs, Poles = arrogant heathens .

The Austrian Empire in the west and the crazy Russians in the north, these two countries have forced the Ottoman Empire to bleed on the frontier for hundreds of years.

The first thing every tsar took office was to launch a Russian-Turkish war.

The Austrian Empire has always regarded the Ottoman Empire as a serious problem. Although no large-scale war broke out between the two sides, small frictions have never been interrupted. The provinces adjacent to the Austrian Empire are all areas with negative returns for the Ottoman Empire.

Britain and France have been poaching the corners of the Ottomans. Greece and Algeria are their masterpieces.

But now the British Foreign Minister Palmerston actually claims to protect the Egyptians in the Ottoman Empire and plans to establish a country for them.

Palmerston's plan was this: people, everyone, and land, Ottoman.

Mahmud II really wanted to cut off the hands and feet of this heretic and throw them into the Red Sea to feed the fish.

Inside the Ottoman Empire, there is Muhammad Ali, the black sheep.

"Am I a sinner?" Mahmud II asked.

"No, you are the greatest sultan in the world, and I am willing to follow you to the death." Phil Chuck replied.

"No, I want you to live! I may not be able to witness the day when the Ottoman Empire rises again, but you must help my descendants continue my reforms. Revive the glory of the Ottoman Empire and kill those heretics one day, Build our world."