Bulgarian Empire

Europe is unstable, and Asia and Africa are not peaceful either!

First, there was a riot in the Gulf of Aqaba in Jordan; then there was a riot in Shulia; and then there was a rebellion in the Malatya area!

In short, 1896 was a stormy year for the Ottoman Empire! This old empire, after entering the 19th century, became more and more powerless!

The successive uprisings exhausted the Sudanese government and finally suppressed them, but the Ottoman Empire also paid a heavy price!

In order to suppress the uprising, the Ottoman Empire lost a total of more than 43,000 soldiers in 1896, and the pension alone was a considerable expense!

The most important thing is the destruction of the local area. Basically, in the areas where uprisings broke out, in the next few years, it will be difficult for the Ottoman Empire to obtain benefits. Instead, financial allocations will be required to fill in the holes!

Moreover, the rebel army also destroyed the ruling foundation of the Ottoman Empire, and a large number of basic officials were wiped out. In order to stabilize the place, the Sudanese government had to station heavy troops in the place!

The addition of these series of expenses made the already fragile finances of the Ottoman Empire even worse!

In 1896, the financial deficit of the Ottoman Empire was as high as 16.5 million lire (approximately 15 million pounds, 1 lire = 6.651519 grams of gold), which can be said to be on the verge of bankruptcy.

Fortunately, the Ottoman Empire has a great cause and its heritage still exists. It finally survived and moved towards 1897 in a slump.

The Sudanese government may have sensed that a crisis is approaching them, and the reformers have begun to grow. In fact, the reform of the Ottoman Empire has a long history and started as early as a hundred years ago. It is embodied in the military and has established a modern army!

No matter how good the system is, it needs people to implement it, in order to cultivate enough new talents. The secular education reform began in the Tanzimat era, and the real education reform began in the period of Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909). During this period, the Sudanese government vigorously developed higher education and improved The scale of the university.

In 1900, Istanbul University was reorganized, the first modern university in the Middle East. Higher education adopts Western-style education, and the curriculum includes history, mathematics, and foreign languages.

Secularization was characteristic of higher education during this period. During this period, a complete set of modern education system was established, including secular primary and secondary schools, normal schools and specialized schools.

The establishment of new types of schools had a positive impact on education, updating traditional teaching content. In addition to traditional teaching content, these schools began to teach history, geography and general hygiene at the elementary school level, and added mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, civics, Turkish, French and Persian at the middle school level.

Modern teaching in schools has greatly promoted the development of secular education. European powers during this period not only set up businesses in Ottoman Turkey, but also set up schools. The establishment of European-style school education promoted the spread of Western culture.

The education reform promoted the secularization of judiciary and education, cleared the highest Islamic law interpreter from the cabinet, initiated the secular control of the Sharia court by the Ministry of Justice, brought religious schools under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, and established a new Ministry of Religious Funds.

The number of intellectuals receiving secular education has greatly increased, and military officers and cadets are largely from urban and rural petty bourgeoisie and lower-level officials.

From among them, numerous civil and military officials have been trained, and a new generation of national democratic revolutionaries has been bred. Emerging secular elites challenged traditional ulama power structures and weakened traditional religious influence.

The secularization reforms from Tanzimat to the Young Turks are only one step away from the ultimate goal of this process - the separation of church and state and the establishment of a secular state.

Ferdinand didn't care about the reform of the Ottoman Empire, an empire that was rotten to the root from top to bottom,

Blind reform is undoubtedly the catalyst to accelerate its demise!

Obviously, what the Ottoman Empire lacks now is not only reform, but the most important thing is the lack of execution ability! ! No matter how good the policy is, if the government's implementation is insufficient and it cannot be implemented, it may achieve the opposite result!

The Ottoman Empire was no exception. Educational reforms did not achieve the goals desired by the Sudanese government. Instead, they gave birth to the "Turkish Youth Party" or "United Progressive Party."

Established in Istanbul in 1894. The original leader was Ahmed Lisa. In May 1889, four medical school students in the capital established an anti-authoritarian group, named the Ottoman League, which was later renamed the Alliance Progress Committee, and Europeans called it the "Young Turk Party".

Soon, many young students, military officers, intellectuals and exiles from abroad joined the party. It represented the interests of the bourgeoisie and liberal landlords, advocated maintaining the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire, opposed the autocratic system, and demanded the restoration of the 1876 constitution.

At the beginning of 1897, the Al-Shabaab conspired to launch a military coup, which failed due to leaks. The organization of the Young Turks in the capital was destroyed, many were arrested, 13 were sentenced to death, and 68 were exiled. This incident set back the strategy of relying on a coup d'état from above to realize its political claims.

The emergence of the Turkish Al-Shabaab has undoubtedly shaken the ruling foundation of the Sudanese government, and a national anti-government group has been established with a clear political program!

The appearance of the Turkish Albatross surprised Ferdinand slightly, but then he relaxed again. The current Turkish Youth Party is just a toddler in Handan, unable to dominate the huge Ottoman empire!

As long as it doesn't affect Bulgaria's next strategy, Ferdinand is still happy to watch the Sudanese government joke!

As for the success of the catalyzed reforms of the Sudanese government, Ferdinand was not optimistic about them. Once any reform touches the interests of the ruling class, it will become extremely difficult!

Even if the Sudanese government can hack it, it can't do anything! First of all, the military reform was resisted by the military, and the Sudanese government did not have strong execution capabilities.

"There are policies and measures to counter!"

At the moment when the Sudanese government was carrying out reforms, another major historical event happened-the Greeks in Crete launched an uprising again!

This uprising was different from the past. In February 1897, an uprising broke out in Crete with the funding of the Greek government. After the uprising was successful, the uprising announced that it would leave the Ottoman Empire and join Greece!

Well, all fools know that this was created by the Greek government, "Rebel Army"? If you investigate carefully, you will find out: Why are there so many retired Greek soldiers involved?

Oh no! There are active-duty ones, mainly because the Greek government is too lazy to do it! As soon as the rebels announced that they would leave the Ottoman Empire and join Greece, the Greek government immediately welcomed it. Since then, Crete has been a sacred and inviolable part of the Greek territory!

After the Greek government swore sovereignty over Crete, the navy landed directly on Crete, accompanied by two regiments of the Greek Army, with the purpose of clearing the remnants of the Ottoman Empire on Crete!